Russia Commits to Fighting Central Asian Drugs and Terrorism

The Obama administration has welcomed Russia’s revived interest in influencing developments in Central Asia as the United States looks to next year withdraw its forces from Afghanistan. Admitting that the United States was unable to meet the needs of nations like Afghanistan and Pakistan, US Assistant Secretary of State Philip J. Crowley said agreements reach at this month’s summit in the Black Sea resort of Sochi between Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and Central Asian leaders focused on stabilizing the region and combating terrorism and drugs trafficking contributed to US strategy in the region. 

Medvedev’s talks with the leaders of Afghanistan, Pakistan and Tajikistan come two months after Russia launched an international effort at a forum in Moscow to combat drugs trafficking in Afghanistan. During the Sochi summit Medvedev promised to deepen economic ties with Central Asian nations, revive Soviet-era energy and social development project, significantly increase flood-aid to Pakistan and accelerate and expand Russian helicopter production, especially of the Mi-17 and Mi-35 for export to the region. Russia is already refurbishing some 140 Soviet-era installations in Afghanistan, such as hydroelectric stations, bridges, wells, and irrigation systems in deals valued at more than $1-billion. 

Medvedev further announced in Sochi that Russia would spearhead a World Bank-sponsored program to expand hydro-electric dams in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan that would supply surplus electricity to Afghanistan and Pakistan. The four presidents agreed to link Central Asia to the CIS railway system by building a railroad and highway that will connect Pakistan and Tajikistan. 

US officials say renewed Russian involvement in Central Asia is fueled by concern in Moscow that regional terrorism and drugs trafficking will fuel separatism in the Black Sea basin. Russia’s renewed commitment comes two decades after Soviet troops fought a 10-year bloody war in the country that lies in many ways at the root of Afghanistan’s current problems.

Religion and Politics

Damon Linker has published in   http://www.tnr.com/book/review/what-religion"> The New Republic a well-written and coherently argues review of Ian Buruma’s just published http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9110.html"> ‘Taming the Gods: Religion On Three Continents.”  

Unfortunately, The New Republic does not have a comment option on its website.

Linker takes Buruma to task for what he apparently sees as too broad a definition of religion by supposedly defining it as any strongly held opinion rather than a cluster of beliefs and practices related to the divine or the sacred. Buruma allegedly crosses the line in Linker’s mind when he describes liberal Western anti-Muslim rhetoric as “curiously religious.”

The criticism ignores the degree to which the culture of religion permeates education and culture even I secular societies and as a result also often informs attitudes of secularists and atheists. Examples abound:

a)      a) Turks look down on Arabs whom they ruled for centuries because “the Arabs betrayed us” by supporting the British against the Ottomans in the early part of the 20^th century. Few secular Turks realizes that in using that argument they are employing the Sunni principle that all Muslims belong to the ummah, the community of the faithful, and should not turn against it.

b)      b) Secular and atheist Jews define often define themselves as culturally Jewish even though they do not practice religion

c)  

             c) Puritanism in American politics is religiously inspired

d)     

Th  d) The moral tone in Dutch or Scandinavian foreign policy stems from Calvanism

e)      
Al   e) Alienated or marginalized Diaspora communities as well as communities in conflict zones often hark back to religion as the only framework they can relate to or find solace in.

In his recently published personal memoir of the conflict in Kashmir, http://books.simonandschuster.com/Curfewed-Night/Basharat-Peer/9781439109106">Curfewed Night, Kashmir journalist Basharat Peer describes responses to years of brutal Indian attempts to quash a nationalist insurgency. He writes:

“Shameena and Majid , who had a lost a son, were wading through the painfully slow bureaucratic procedures to find a job for their other son, and they didn’t have enough resources to pay for treatment of their younger son with psychological disorders. All they seemed to have was each other and faith. Hussein, who refused to marry after he was tortured, prayed regularly to find the strength to deal with his predicament. I had seen my parents credit God for saving their lives and increase their prayers after they survived the mine blast. (Dr.) Shahid told me that even the doctors at the crowded psychiatric hospitals recommended a reliance on faith. God and his saints seem to have become the psychiatrists with the largest practice in Kashmir; faith was essentially a support system.” 

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Egypt Threatens Nile Basin Agreement

Ministers of the nine African Nile River littoral nations are moving ahead with plans to establish a permanent body tasked with determining equitable use of the world’s longest river despite unresolved differences between Egypt and Sudan. Agreement among seven of the nine states is expected to be finalized next month. The nine countries, grouped in the World Bank-sponsored Nile Basin Iniiative, failed at a meeting earlier this month in the Egyptian resort of Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, to reach final agreement.

Next month’s agreement would crown some ten years of torturous efforts to agree on a mechanism to equitably distribute water and could create a model for other conflict-prone river basins. Egypt and Sudan have charged the agreement could threatn their historical right to water security. Time will whether the two major littoral states have the power to thwart next month’s planned agreement. Speaking to the Egyptian parliament, Egyptian water and irrigation minister Mohammed Allam warned that “if the Nile basin countries unilaterally signed the agreement it would be considered the announcement of the Nile Basin Initiative’s death.”

Egypt and Sudan base their rights on past treaties to which other Nile riparian states were not parties. The most recent of these treated was signed by Egypt and Sudan in 1959. Under that treaty Egypt is entitled yearly to 55.5 billion cubic meters of the 84 billion cubic meters of water that reach it’s High Aswan Dam each year. Egypt and Sudan insist that the rights they derive from this and an earlier treaty be incorporated in any future agreement.

The majority of Nile riparian states who were not signatories of those treaties insist that they are no obliges to recognize them or bound by them and reject the concept of historical rights. As an alternative to the planned new body that would have to negotiate the terms of equitable distribution, Egypt is pushing for creation of Nile River Basin Commission that would be a deliberative body authorized to take decisions only by consensus.

Egypt argues that the rights it derives from past treaties do not threaten the water security of downstream riparian states. Egyptian officials note that those rights account for only five percent of the Nile’s total reserves of 1,600 billion cubic meters. They also point out that with the exception of Ethiopia, Egypt’s concern about water security is the most acute.

Water Not Wars Likely To Change Middle East Politics

Water rather than ethnic and religious conflict is likely to be the real game changer in the Middle East in the next 20 years says Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) director Jon Alterman.  Writing in the Washington think tank’s  Middle East Notes and Comment , Alterman argues that the drying up of the region’s groundwater wells and decreasing water quality will push water to the top of the agenda, force widespread changes in lifestyle and strengthen a widespread sense of government failure and incompetence.

Already the Middle East is the world’s most water-starved regions with 10 of the 15 water-poorest countries located in the region. Ironically, Alterman notes that when Saudi King Abdul Aziz first invited geologists to explore his desert kingdom, he was hoping to find water rather than oil. Oil wealth has propelled urbanization, changed lifestyles in water-consuming ways and provided the funding to exploit massive underground water supplies to secure those lifestyles by, for example, achieving food self-sufficiency.

Such policies served in part to ensure the longevity of authoritarian regimes that needed to be seen to be providing standards of life people had become accustomed to with the flow of petrodollars. The Gulf states, where water if priced was heavily subsidized, rank today among the largest consumers of water per capita of the population.  As a result, conservation measures such as market-dictated pricing of water are proving to be politically contentious and potentially dangerous mechanisms which most regimes have so far shied away from.

Nonetheless, Arab regimes can no longer escape the fact that current water policies are unsustainable and that the region’s agricultural revolution if unchecked will render it dry in the not all too distant future. Saudi Arabia has drawn a first conclusion from this realization by declaring that it would phase out the growing of wheat in the kingdom by 2016.

Alterman warns that the Middle East’s wells are a finite resource that are being exploited to an extent far beyond their ability to replenish themselves. Already, wells are being dug ever deeper and producing water that is increasingly less pure. The Yemeni capital Sana’a is set to become in the next ten years the world’s first capital to run out of water. The Jordanian capital could follow Sana’a hot on its heels.

It’s a doomsday scenario: agriculture collapses and major cities are left with no water to serve their inhabitants. The fall will be harder in those parts of the Middle East that don’t have the petrodollars to fund expensive and energy-intensive desalination. More than ever, water will become political and a litmus test for already questionable government credibility. The political dividing lines would likely harden as a result of the fact that some of the Middle East’s largest agricultural water users are also among its most powerful families, including its rulers. This, Alterman notes, makes it all the more difficult to impose and enforce the changes needed to evade disaster.

Nevertheless, Alterman says, “the situation is not entirely hopeless.”  Alterman advocates reforming agricultural policies, enhancing farming methods, aggressively recycling waste water, enhancing government oversight of wells, introducing pricing regimes that would encourage conservation and investing in renovation of water supply systems. Some of those steps, governments could take without significant political risk and pain, others they are likely to see as so controversial that they could spark public expressions of disaffection.  The question is whether they recognize soon enough that they are between a rock and a hard place.

Deutsche Bank Argues For Higher Water Prices

Increasing water scarcity coupled with an absence of economic incentives has led to an investment shortfall of 400 to 500 billion Euros per year in the global water economy. The water sector remains underfinanced, as prices continue to be subsidized and are kept artificially low despite scarcity. The price for water does not reflect the real costs of this increasingly scarce resource, in particular in the agricultural sector. However, a price hike would entail severe social repercussions.


In terms of mere numbers, sufficient amounts of water are available on earth to ensure adequate supplies of freshwater. However, rainfall is seasonal and distributed unequally across regions, so that scarcity or drought do occur. Furthermore, water is essential to all life on this planet and cannot be replaced by any other commodity - which sets water apart from all other economic goods on earth. About 70% of water is presently being used in irrigation agriculture. Industry and the energy sector account for another 20%. Private households consume a mere 10%, mostly for such daily tasks as taking showers, flushing the toilet, and doing the laundry. Water is not being recycled, even though demand has steeply increased within the past 50 years due to rapid population growth. Firms increasingly view water as a decisive factor in their product development and profit margins. Many economic sectors are particularly dependent upon a constant supply of water: agriculture, food industry, energy, mining, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, producers of paper and cellulose, clothing industry, semi-conductor industry, and tourism. In the near future, water availability and access to recycling technologies will be major points of consideration for firms. As water scarcity increases, so will political conflicts. In many countries, the state regulates the water sector. However, the politically inspired water price could soon become a problem, since it neither reflects supply and demand, nor covers costs in poor countries in particular. The low price is problematic even in the developed world, as it leads to water being wasted.


The challenge for economists is the following: Water prices will have to be higher and irrigation methods more efficient in agriculture. Water-deprived regions should focus on the production of goods that require little water, while policymakers should refrain from maligning genetic engineering and biotechnology. Trade needs to adapt as well: Countries which need a lot of water for their agricultural products, would do better to import these. Cities need to improve the maintenance of their water systems and to modernize their infrastructures. In many countries, there will be no way around raising water prices. These adaption costs could be financed through international climate funds. Finally, state and private firms should work more closely together in public and private partnerships to address the water challenge.

Read the Report in German: http://www.dbresearch.de/PROD/DBR_INTERNET_DE-PROD/PROD0000000000253960.pdf">Weltwassermaerkte 

The Atlas of Water

There is virtually no area of life that does not in one way or another depend on water. It quenches our thirst, fuels agriculture, provides energy and recreation, sustains non-human life and is part of virtually anything humans do and have. In short, as Maggie Black and Jannet King, authors of The Atlas of Water note: “Water means life.”

As a result, optimists describe water as the blue gold of the 21st century; doomsayers it will spark major conflict. Whichever camp one belongs to, mapping the world’s water, in maps, sidebars and illustrations and noting that management rather the notion of a depleting resource like in the case of oil is key to stimulating informed debate. And that is exactly what Black and King have done.

In six chapters, they look at water at water as a resource, the environmental pressures on water, water’s effect on quality of life and as en economic driver, damaged water and ensuring that water continues to maintain and enhance life in the future. In the process, they focus of pricing mechanisms as tools to for conservation and maintenance, the emotional debate on privatization and ways to prevent and correct damage being done to the resource.

Distribution is a key issue in ensuring supply. That is complicated by the fact that a majority of humans live in areas with an inadequate water supply on a global scale. Populous nations like India and China have relatively small proportions of the world’s water. India accounts for 16 percent of the world’s population but only three percent of its water, China has a 19 percent share of the world’s population, but only six percent of its water. The same is true for major metropolitan areas like Los Angeles or Perth. The Atlas of Water identifies the problem but also shows how it can be addressed.

The Atlas of Water is not meant to be an enjoyable read. Rather it is a fascinating encyclopedia of water meant to be a guide and reference for water professionals as well as educators

• The Atlas of Water by Maggie Black and Jannet King, University of California Press

Saudi Desalination Plant Promises Cheaper Water

In a region dependent on fossil fuel-driven desalination plants, Saudi Arabia hopes to significantly reduce the cost of producing potable water from the salty waters of the Gulf with the Gulf’s first solar-powered desalination plant. If successful, the Saudi example could encourage other oil and sun-rich Gulf states, who rank among the world’s biggest carbon emitters, to reduce their emissions by building similar plants..

The solar-powered plant is being built by the King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), the epicenter of the kingdom’s efforts to break its puritan Islamic mould in a bid to ensure technological and economic development, and IBM, which has made water one of its key areas of focus.

“The culmination of our joint research initiatives has enabled us to radically reduce the cost of water through the development of nanotechnologies that revolutionize traditional desalination methods and renewable energy sources,” Takreem el Tohamy, IBM general manager for the Middle East and North Africa, told The National.

Traditional desalination plants in Saudi Arabia produce a cubic meter of water at a relatively high cost of $.067 to $1.47 compared to Singapore cubic meter and the United States, whose cost can be as little as $0.46 per cubic meter.

Located in Al Khafji, the solar-powered will also reduce cost by employing membranes instead of boiling processes to remove the salt from seawater, IBM and KACST said in a statement.IBM announced last year it had developed a new energy-eficient membrane that has a longer lifespan than previous materials. The Al Khafji plant will generate fresh water by pushing seawater through membranes to remove the salt. The solar component of the plant will produce the electricity needed to drive the machinery.

The project’s scale will overshadow pilot solar desalination plants that have been built in a number of Gulf countries, including a plant that opened in Abu Dhabi’s Al Gharbia region last year with a daily capacity of 68.2 cubic meters. Gulf countries have been trying to build cost-effective solar desalination plants for decades. Abu Dhabi built a plant at Umm al Nar in the 1980s, but it proved to be economically infeasible.

IBM and KACST predict the cost reduction despite the fact that the new plant will use electricity from concentrated solar technology that produces power at a cost many times higher than power stations fired by natural gas or oil. Electricity will come from concentrated photovoltaics, a technology that blends traditional photovoltaic cells with mirrors, lenses and motors to concentrate the rays of sun, thereby more than doubling the efficiency of the panels.

The technology is significantly more expensive than traditional photovoltaic cells alone but takes up less space and operates better in hot climates. The increased cost of using electricity from solar panels at Al Khafji will be offset by the vast efficiency gains of using the new membranes rather than heat to take the salt out of seawater.

Groping For Water in Saudi Arabia

Saudia Arabia has launched a major effort to search for water, according to Der Spiegel.

To do so, it has hired a German geologist German development agency GTZ, which is drilling holes up to 2,000 meters deep to conduct pumping tests and apply complex measuring techniques and computer models. The tests are designed determine how much fossil groundwater remains stored between layers of rock beneath the Arabian Peninsula. GTZ is assisted by the Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research (UFZ) in Leipzig, which uses supercomputers to simulate groundwater currents from the last ice age until today.

The Saudi effort is prompted by the realization that its current pattern of water consumption is unsustainable and that water supply would run out in 3o years at current consumption rates. With its research, GTZ expects Saudi Arabia to become a test case for arid regions, which make up about 40 percent of the world's land area.

Fossil groundwater is the only natural water source in a region without rivers and lakes, where every raindrop is an event. After the last ice age, when the climate on the Arabian Peninsula was similar, in terms of temperature and precipitation, to that of savanna regions today, the water seeped away into the ground, eventually accumulating in hollow spaces between layers of sedimentary rock.

Most of this water is in eastern Saudi Arabia, home to most of the country's oil and natural gas reserves. As a result, geologists searching for oil sometimes find water and vice-versa. And like oil, the precious drops of water from the last ice age are finite. Too much of that water is now being pumped out of ever-deeper wells, causing the water table to drop. This in turn allows salt water to seep into the groundwater along the coasts.

To tackle its water scarcity problem, Saudi Arabia has already halted its attempts to turn its deserts into green pastures and achieve food security by promoting domestic agriculture. To do so, the agriculture ministry was stripped of its discretionary authority in all things water. In 2007, the government canceled all subsidies for wheat farming and said the country's wheat production would be wound down by 2016. Instead Saudi Arabia is moving to buy agricultrual land in Africa and Asia and to import wheat and other agricultural products. It also is encouraging small farmers in Saudi Arabia return to traditional agriculture and plant drought-resistant date palms, or grow profitable vegetable crops in greenhouses.

"Our biggest challenge is the conflict between agriculture and other water users," Deputy Water Minister Mohammed Al-Saud told Der Spiegel. "Anyone who wants to develop agriculture does so at the expense of water. And you can't conserve water without having a negative impact on agriculture."

Eventually, the minister hopes to make Saudi Arabia a model for other countries by monitoring water consumption on farms in real time, which would allow the government to develop a comprehensive water strategy. GTZ is preparing the first step in that direction by developing a computer model that would determine for any location in the country the nearest aquifer and calculate its size where it would make most sense to drill a well.

Jordan Identifies Water as a Policy Priority

One of the world’s water-poorest countries, Jordan celebrated World Water Day by identifying its water shortage as the greatest challenge to its development. Per capita water consumption in Jordan, according to the Jordanian water and irrigation ministry is far below the international water poverty line of 1,000 cubic meters per person per year. The United Nations ranks Jordan alongside Kuwait, the UAE and Bahrain as one of the world’s ten most thirsty countries with a per capita water consumption of 145 cubic meters a year. The country’s water shortage is heightened by the influx of hundreds of thousands of refugees from Iraq and an annual 2.3 percent population growth.

The situation is made worse by constantly increasing demand. The country’s population of six million is growing at a rate of 2.3 per cent annually. Jordan’s water resources have also come under increased strain with the influx of 500,000 to 700,000 Iraqi refugees since the US-led war in Iraq began in 2003.

“One of the key challenges the water sector faces is that the supply-and-demand equation is not balanced,” The National quotes Water and Irrigation Minister Mohammad Najar as saying. “Also water resources are limited, and the (process) of depleting underground water … are major challenges the ministry is facing.” Najar said the ministry was having difficulty stopping illegal pumping of underground and surface water and enforcing laws and regulations. Officials say mismanagement and lack of maintenance further contribute to the shortage. An estimated 40 percent of the kingdom’s water is lost annually to worn-out pipes, leakage and water theft.

The National quotes water expert Dureid Mahasneh as also blaming ill-advised agricultural policies. “We wrongly export our water in the forms of tomatoes to Europe,” Mahasneh says. “There is no need to grow apricots and peaches in winter as they consume so much water. The priority should be for drinking water.”

The government hopes that two major projects will help alleviate the shortage. The Dissi project, which is expected to provide Amman by 2013 with 100 cubic meters of water per year from an ancient desert aquifer 325km south of the capital near the border with Saudi Arabia. The project, which kicked off this month, is expected to be complete in 2013 at a cost of US$990m (Dh3.6 billion). The other is a controversial plan to build a canal linking the Red Sea and the Dead Sea Canal at an estimated $2bn. The project has long been a target for environmentalists and been mired in the intricacies of the Arab-Israeli conflict.

The Story of Bottled Water

The Story of Bottled Water, being releasing on March 22, 2010, employs the Story of Stuff style to tell the fast-paced, fact-filled story of manufactured demand—how you get Americans to buy more than half a billion bottles of water every week when it already flows from the tap. Over five minutes, the film explores the bottled water industry’s attacks on tap water and its use of seductive, environmental-themed advertising to cover up the mountains of plastic waste it produces. The film concludes with a call to take back the tap, not only by making a personal commitment to avoid bottled water, but by supporting investments in clean, available tap water for all.

The Story of Bottled Water

Oman’s ancient aflaj system, once used in warfare by attackers to cut off precious water supply to communities under siege, is now facing dry spells that threaten farmers with lower crop production. The falaj -- widely viewed as an ancient remarkable feat of engineering although little is known about its origins -- collects groundwater through a natural infiltration process that then flows to the surface by gravity.

Oman has some 11,000 aflaj canals that are key to rural farming communities, in fact increasingly so. Oman’s agriculture ministry says aflaj water production has risen from 500 million cubic meters of irrigation water in 1985 to 1.6 billion in 2008. The ministry attributes the rise to the emergence of new farms. For many of the farmers dependent on aflaj, the system is their only water source because hooking up to the government’s water supply is too expensive.

Like much of the rest of the Middle East, Oman is struggling with a gap between water supply and demand. By 2025, water demand is expected to increase to 7.5 billion cubic meters. The gap is already effecting agricultural production. Khalfan Hamood al Toby, who owns a 90-hectare farm in Sawadi in Oman’s Batnah region, told

Thursday, March 4, 2010

Water and the War on Terror

by Steven Solomon

Grist.org

While leaders in Washington have been war-gaming the national security risks of climate change, they’ve only started to connect the dots to the closely related threats emanating from the growing crisis of global freshwater scarcity. At first blush, water and national security may not seem to be interlinked. But the reality, as narrated in my new book WATER: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power, and Civilization", is that the unfolding global water crisis increasingly influences the outcome of America’s two wars, homeland defense against international terrorism, and other key U.S. national-security interests, including the transforming planetary environment and world geopolitical order.

Former U.N. Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali famously predicted 25 years ago that the “next war in the Middle East will be fought over water.” While that has yet to come to pass, the greatest present danger stems from failing nation-states—and not just in the bone-dry Middle East. With world water use growing at twice the rate of human population over the last century, many of the Earth’s vital freshwater ecosystems are already critically depleted and being used unsustainably to support our global population of 6.5 billion, according the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, and the situation can only be expected to get worse as the population pushes toward 9 billion by 2050. As great rivers run dry before reaching the sea, groundwater is mined deeper and deeper beyond replenishment levels, and water quality erodes with growing pollution, an explosive fault line is cleaving between freshwater Haves and Have-Nots across the political, economic, and social landscapes of the 21st century.

Among the water Have-Nots are the 3.6 billion who will live in countries that won’t be able to feed themselves within 15 years due largely to scarcity of water—likely to include giant India. Throughout history, states that have been unable to feed themselves with homegrown or reliably imported cheap food have stagnated, declined, and often collapsed, with grievous adjustments in living standards, population levels, and regional turmoil.

Health and humanitarian crises are likely to emanate from the dark side of the Have-Not divide where 1 billion abject poor lack regular access to clean, fresh water for minimal needs and 2.6 billion don’t have basic sanitation. Upriver water Have states increasingly exert control over the precious water flows to their dependent neighbors downstream, while within nations the wealthy and those with greatest political clout commonly enjoy the formidable competitive advantage of better, and often subsidized, access to the best water resources. Global warming exacerbates the water crisis with extreme, unpredictable floods, droughts, glacier melts, storm swells, and other water cycle–related depredations that fall disproportionately on already water-insecure, Have-Not regions and overwhelm existing, fragile water infrastructures. Such dislocating events are expected to create 150 million environmental refugees within a decade.

A tumultuous adjustment to the freshwater scarcity crisis lies ahead, and in our global society the feedback effects will buffet even the security of distant nations. Two cases from the headlines—Yemen and Pakistan—illustrate some of the problems and challenges.

Yemen

Globe. Arid Yemen is an impoverished, failing state, home to al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula, which helped to train and arm the would-be Detroit-bound, Christmas suicide bomber from Nigeria. The Yemeni government is not much better than a large, corrupt tribe competing for control of the nation’s diminishing resources through patronage payoffs and proxy alliances with other strong tribes. There is warfare in the north between Houthi tribesmen and Saudi-backed government forces, while politically and economically disaffected southerners are trying to secede. The government is also battling al-Qaida, which flourishes in ungoverned no-man’s-lands.

Terrorism—which claimed 17 U.S. sailor lives in the attack in Aden Harbor on the USS Cole in 2000, and was beaten back for a few years with the help of U.S. drones—is resurgent. The Yemeni government’s policy of routinely releasing captured or repatriated terrorists after little more than a promise not to do it again frustrates the Obama administration’s efforts to shut the Guantanamo Bay prison, where about half of the remaining 200 prisoners are Yemeni.

One of the world’s most dire freshwater scarcity crises underlies Yemen’s extreme poverty and faltering state. The average Yemeni lives at eight times below the world freshwater availability poverty line, and has 1/20th the world average. Less than half have access to enough clean, fresh water for basic needs, while five-sixths lack adequate sanitation. Illegal well drilling is ubiquitous. Yet when the government tried to remove state subsidies for the diesel fuel powering the illegal pumps, riots forced it to desist. The lion’s share of the groundwater is commandeered (and used wastefully in flood irrigation) to grow the cash crop qat, a narcotic stimulant chewed by Yemeni men and an integral part of Yemeni culture.

The net result is an ecological and human catastrophe unfolding in slow motion: Water tables around the country are plunging—in many places two to four times faster than the natural replenishment rate. Soaring 7 percent annual population growth, adding to the current 23 million Yemenis, compounds the water scarcity crisis. As much as two-thirds of rural violence, including some deaths, is related to water. As life in rural areas grows untenable, Yemenis are crowding into already swollen cities, where water riots are not uncommon and mosques dispense minimum free water as charity to the poorest. In the capital, San’a, 100 of the 180 wells in use a decade ago have run dry. Within just five to 10 years, it is widely predicted to become the world’s first capital city to literally run out of water.

To try to retain some control, the government delegated power over water to local authorities and urban water companies. Al-Qaida is strongest in places like ancient Marib and Shabwa where no water companies operate, and it gains the support of the populace by providing health care and helping to dig wells. What viable diplomatic policy America and its allies can pursue in such a situation is unclear, as international financial aid simply disappears down the government’s sieve of corruption.

Pakistan

Earth. As dangerous as Yemen is as a failed state, it pales in comparison to Pakistan, which is nuclear-armed, Taliban-besieged, regionally fractious, and severely water fragile. Osama bin Laden and Al-Qaida’s core leadership are believed to be hiding out in its rugged northwest regions.

American leaders had a big fright in April 2009 when Muslim fundamentalist Taliban fighters broke out of the northwestern provinces and struck within 25 miles of the Indus River’s giant Tarbela Dam, a critical site they’d attacked through terrorism before, and only 30 miles from the capital, Islamabad. The Tarbela Dam is the strategic heart of Pakistan’s irrigation, hydropower, and flood-control network. If the Taliban damaged or took control of the giant dam, and gained critical leverage over Pakistan’s food and energy security, the government’s viability would be imperiled.

While Pakistan’s American-trained elite counterterrorism forces and air power quickly rallied to beat back the Taliban, the U.S. responded to the Taliban’s show of strength in the spring of 2009 by accelerating its $7.5 billion five-year aid package to Pakistan—the lion’s share of which is focused on rehabilitating the nation’s perilously deteriorating and inadequate agricultural and hydropower waterworks. During her tumultuous October 2009 visit to Pakistan, Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was repeatedly warned about the nation’s impending freshwater crisis.

At the heart of Pakistan’s crisis is the Indus River, its water lifeline and foundation of its farm economy, which provides the livelihood for 60 percent of Pakistanis. It’s already so badly overused that its water rarely reaches its now dried-up delta, and its huge fertile irrigated basin cropland is heavily reliant on overpumped groundwater and in dire need of a refurbished drainage system to remove poisoning salts. The Indus River also faces an alarming loss of up to a third of its flow by 2025 from the global warming–induced melting of its source Himalayan glaciers. In the same period, moreover, the nation’s population will grow 30 percent more to 225 million. Global climate change is further menacing monsoonal Pakistan with more unpredictable and intense seasonal floods and droughts. In a country where the water-storage capacity to buffer prolonged drought and loss of hydropower is only 30 days—1/30th as much as in the U.S. and 1/15th as much as in China—the effects of climate change can quickly become catastrophic and destabilizing.

Complicating Pakistan’s water crisis is that most of its water originates outside its borders, in archenemy, nuclear-armed India—with whom it has fought several wars and still heatedly disputes the Kashmir border region—as well as in Afghanistan and China. The Indus water dispute with India, which helped trigger the first war between the countries, was resolved with a 1960 treaty. But under the strain of population growth and climate change, the treaty is in dire need of renegotiation. One source of tension is that both countries are building new hydropower dams on Indus tributaries in the Kashmir. Pakistan is also highly suspicious of India’s increased aid to Afghanistan for dams on rivers that flow into Pakistan; it fears it is an Indian subterfuge to put Pakistan in an east-west hydrological vise once America leaves Afghanistan. For their part, the Pakistanis have awarded their dam contract to China, India’s adversary with whom it has its own water disputes and testy political relations.

The chessboard of Pakistan’s destiny is immensely complex, of course. But how it manages its critical water challenges—both from internal and external pressures—is one of the paramount variables in whether it will hold together as a coherent nation-state. Given its nukes, radical Muslim fundamentalists, and regional stature, what happens to it is of grave significance to American national security and Asian regional security.

The global water crisis is unfolding in many other places around the world, and in many different ways, posing vital national security challenges to the U.S. Israel’s conflicts with Palestinians and Syria include contentious disputes over the vital water supplies of the West Bank and Golan Heights, which Israel won in the 1967 war and which today account for two-thirds of Israel’s total freshwater. Iraq’s national viability and prosperity depend significantly on how much water its upstream neighbors Syria and Turkey (the Middle East’s rising water superpower) permit to flow downstream. How tightly China, in its dam-building frenzy for economic growth, squeezes the waters from the 10 major Asian rivers originating in its Tibetan plateau will affect the prosperity and political robustness of downstream nations across Asia, China’s geopolitical status, and with it, U.S. national security interests. Whether and how big a food importer India becomes as its own water management runs short will affect global food prices, and conditions of famine and health, in food import–dependent countries worldwide.

Water and national security may not seem at first to be interconnected. But they are-increasingly so as the global freshwater scarcity crisis deepens.

UAE Puts Water Under Federal Control

In a move that will strengthen oil-rich Abu Dhabi as the most powerful emirate in the UAE, a loose federation of largely autonomous sheikdoms. In a statement , the UAE Ministry of Environment and Water said it was reviewing a draft law that would transfer water management from the sheikdoms to the central government to improve planning and efficiency.

With average consumption of 550 liters per person per day, water-poor UAE has one of the world’s highest domestic water consumption rates in the world, most of which is produced by desalination. After Saudi Arabia, the UAE with 30 desalination plants is the world’s largest desalinator. Abu Dhabi alone produces up to nine million tons of greenhouse gasses a year as a result of desalination.

UAE Environment and Water Minister Rashid bin Fahad said the new law was necessary because even within the various sheikdoms responsibility for water is shared by various authorities. Abu Dhabi is the emirate that has an independent authority to regulate desalination, water and electricity authorities.

Analysts says the law is likely to be resisted by some sheikdoms. “The question becomes how to get all emirates to subscribe to it,” says Shawki Barghouti, the director general of the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture in Dubai.

Water Expo China 2010

Water Expo China 2010, China’s official show for the water industry, will be held at the China National Convention Center, Beijing, China from 17 – 19 November 2010 and is expected to attract a record number of visitors following the success of last year’s show.

Water Expo China is organised by Messe Frankfurt (Shanghai) Co Ltd and the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society (CHES). As it is the only show sponsored by China’s Ministry of Water Resources and approved by the Ministry of Commerce, it is the most effective way for exhibitors and visitors to meet key decision makers from China and the global water industry.


The 2009 show saw a record number of 252 exhibitors from 18 countries and regions presenting their products and technologies in 16,000 sqm, covering six halls. Visitor numbers also broke existing records with 10,239 from 30 countries and regions. Of these there were 10,009 domestic visitors and 230 international visitors. Among the domestic visitors were 4,500 provincial group visitors from 30 China provinces.

“For the 2010 show we are very pleased to announce our new venue,” said Mr Jason Cao, General Manager, Messe Frankfurt Shanghai Co Ltd. “We will be exhibiting at the China National Convention Center which is Beijing’s newest international conference venue. It’s an ideal place because there are various meeting rooms on the same floor as the exhibition center which make it suitable for both our exhibition and the concurrent summit and fringe programmes.”

Of extra interest to visitors and exhibitors will be the venue’s location in the heart of Beijing Olympic Green which houses the Water Cube (National Aquatic Centre) and the National Indoor Stadium. It is also only 30 minutes travel time from the airport.

Over the past several years, the show has seen a steady increase in the number of overseas pavilions. In 2009 there were new pavilions from Korea and Singapore and these pavilion organisers are currently discussing their return to the 2010 show.

Mr Cao added: “We are also having discussions with Japan, a pavilion supporter of two years, Israel which had a large pavilion with us in 2008 as well as various European countries. Many exhibitors are looking for additional benefits when they exhibit and find that showcasing their products under their country of origin is a powerful marketing tool.”

Water Expo China is the only platform directly connecting to government policy. Sponsored by China’s Ministry of Water Resource, exhibitors and visitors have the highly sought after opportunity to communicate with government officials to find out the latest policies.

At this year’s show, more than 30 Chinese municipal and provincial water authorities are invited to attend the show, presenting their achievements and announcing new projects.

To encourage dialogue, networking opportunities and to understand future trends, solutions and technology, a diverse programme of events will take place during Water Expo China 2010.

• The 5th China (International) Water Business Summit. The two-day 2009 summit attracted around 800 delegates
• International Water Resources Conference
• International Water Economy & Investment Conference
• Technology Conference covering flood control, rainwater harvesting, brackish water desalination and water metres
• Equipment & Product Release Seminar

For more information about Water Expo China, email Ms Rebecca Zheng Rebecca Zheng or visit Water Expo China

Qat Gulps Yemen's Depleting Water Resources

Yemen's Ministry of Agriculture has begun supporting coffee, nuts, and grapes as alternative crops to qat because they require far less water. Qat farming has expands by 4000 to 6000 hectars a year and consumes 30% of the country's irrigation water. As a result, groundwater supplies around Sana'a are rapidly diminishing. More than 4000 wells in Sana'a have been dug to irrigate qat fields, reducing water levels by an average of 3-6 meters a year. The Agriculture Ministry in cooperation with the World Bank are opening a center to educate farmers on the need to reduce qat cultivation. In addition, Yemen will use part of a 7-million-euro grant from Germany's Technical Cooperation Agency (GTZ) to promote alternatives to qat farming

Researcher Tracks Water Use

Researcher Tracks Water Use

Studying how US industry uses scarce water resources

Just think, every time you feed Fido or flip a spoonful of sugar into your coffee cup, you use more than 300 gallons of water.

Checking the amounts of water it takes to make a $1 worth of sugar, cat and dog food or milk is part of a comprehensive study by Carnegie Mellon University researchers to document American industry's thirst for this scarce resource.

Chris T. Hendrickson, the Duquesne Light Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, said the study shows that most water use by industry occurs indirectly as a result of processing, such as packaging and shipping of food crops to the supermarket, rather than direct use, like watering crops.

The study found it takes almost 270 gallons of water to produce a $1 worth of sugar; 140 gallons to make $1 worth of milk; and 200 gallons of water to make $1 worth of cat and dog food.

"The study gives us a way to look at how we might use water more efficiently and allows us to hone in on the sectors that use the most water so we can start generating ideas and technologies for better management," said Hendrickson, co-director of Carnegie Mellon's Green Design Institute, a major interdisciplinary research effort aimed at making an impact on environmental quality through design.

Hendrickson, along with civil engineering Ph.D. candidates Michael Blackhurst and Jordi Vidal, said his team is trying to help industries track and make better management decisions about how they use water, which makes up more than 72 percent of the earth's land surface.

The study, featured in the Feb. 23 edition of the journal Environmental Science & Technology, reports that a lot of water consumption is hidden because companies don't use all the water directly.

"We discovered that among 96 percent of the sectors evaluated, indirect use exceeded direct uses throughout the supply chain," Hendrickson said.

But Hendrickson and Blackhurst are quick to report that their data are national findings and do not apply regionally. In addition, they could only track withdrawals, and were unable to determine how much water was returned to the system or recycled.

"That is a big deal because water that gets degraded during industrial processes might not be suitable for future uses," Hendrickson said. "Effective water management is critical for social welfare and our fragile ecosystems."

Source: Redorbit.com

Corruption fuels crisis in water-poor Yemen

Published on Eurekastreet.com.au

James Dorsey February 02, 2010

As Yemen struggles to defeat Al Qa'ida, to end a tribal uprising in the north and to prevent the south from seceding, water could turn out to be the thing that tips the country over the edge. Like much of the Gulf, Yemen faces a reduced water supply resulting from climate change and from rising temperatures compounded by poor management.

Without radical reform of agricultural and other policies, the Yemeni capital Sana'a stands in a decade at most to become modern history's first capital to run out of water, according to a recent projection by the World Bank-funded Sana Water Basin Management Project. Rapidly dwindling water resources are likely to lead to disputes, reignite riots against a government already widely viewed as corrupt, nepotistic and incompetent and strengthen Al Qa'ida's Yemeni affiliate, Al Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP).

One of the world's water poorest nations, Yemen is consuming its limited water resources at a far faster rate than it is able to replenish them. At Yemen's current seven per cent population growth rate, consumption can only increase. Yemen's population is set to almost double from 23 to 40 million over the next two decades.

Alongside unemployment, water is driving increased internal migration and urbanisation. Some 70 per cent of Sana'a's population either buy their water from private vendors or collect free water from local mosques. Vendors sell a liter of water for $0.15, a steep price in a country where incomes average $2 a day. The vendors draw their water from wells near the capital and deliver it in tanker trucks or jerry cans. With no enforced standard for potable water, quality varies.

Water extraction rates in Sana'a are believed to outstrip replenishment by a factor of four. Sana'a's water basin is close to collapse. So is the basin in Amran, 50 km north of Sana'a. Of the 180 wells tapped a decade ago by Sana'a's municipal water company, only 80 remain active. In some districts of the capital, taps have shut down. In others, supply is interrupted at least once a month.

In 2008, the Eurasia Group reported that 19 of Yemen's 21 aquifers were not being replenished and that in some cases non-renewable fossil water was being extracted. Wells in several parts of the country have run dry. The falling water table means wells have to be dug deeper at levels of 200 m and more where the water is contaminated.

Alongside rising domestic consumption, Yemen's water crisis is fueled by corruption, poor or no resource management and wasteful irrigation. Agriculture consumes most of Yemen's water. Qat, whose leaves are consumed as a daily stimulant by the majority of Yemeni men, is Yemen's foremost agricultural product. The more water the plant gets, the more productive it is, making water conservation a non-starter.

Yemen's lack of resource management is evident from the fact that the government created a separate ministry for water and environment only in 2004. Six years later, the country still suffers from lack of effective regulation and oversight, particularly with regard to groundwater. As a result, digging of wells remains uncontrolled and so does extraction of groundwater.

Water Minister Abdul Rahman Fadhl Iryani, unable to enforce licensing of new wells, estimates that 99 per cent of water drilling in Yemen is unlicensed. Moreover, Yemen does not regulate the import of drill rigs, which are not subject to custom duties or taxation. Yemen is estimated to have some 800 privately owned drill rigs, a number far higher than most other countries.

Subsidised diesel powers landowners' water pumps. Yemen has so far resisted donor demands that it abolish diesel subsidies ever since rioters fearing price hikes and higher inflation in 2005 forced the government to drop efforts to do so. Abolishment of subsidies would also cut into profits from diesel smuggling that are raked in by the country's elite.

Yet, the more the Salih government postpones biting into the sour apple, the sourer it gets. Donors may be betting on the president's son, whom Salih is grooming as his successor. A ten-point reform plan drafted by deputy finance minister, Jalal Omar Yaqoub, that includes abolishing subsidies and streamlining bureaucracy, has curried favor with the United States and other donors.

The water crisis plays into the hands of Al Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula , the Al Qa'ida offshoot that claimed responsibility for the failed Christmas Day bombing of a USA airliner. To compensate for its lack of control in large parts of the country, the government has delegated responsibility for water to local authorities, establishing water companies primarily in urban areas. It is in those tribal areas, like Marib and Shabwa, where no such companies were created that AQAP is strongest.

Economic and political reforms demanded by donors will have to go beyond cost-cutting to incorporate more efficient water use and distribution, pricing to encourage water conservation and development of sustainable agriculture. Without such reforms, water could be at the core of Yemen's next generation of conflict.
James DorseyJames M. Dorsey is a freelance journalist who has covered ethnic and religious conflict for the past 35 years for publications like The Christian Science Monitor and The Wall Street Journal. He has visited Yemen twice in recent months.

Water rises to top of Syrian Agenda

As the Syrian capital Damascus braces itself for another exceptionally cold winter week, severe water shortages as a result of climate change is leaping to the top of the government’s priorities. UN and Syrian government officials warn that that the water crisis coupled with environmental degradation is likely to worsen over the coming years. Torrential rains in Damascus that have overwhelmed drainage systems and turned the desultory trickle of the Barada river into a torrent are just one indicator of the mounting crisis.

Increased rainfall is doing nothing, however, to alleviate the country’s water shortage. “A study of rainfall over the past 25 years in Syria shows that the intensity is increasing, but the actual levels are either constant or, in some cases, decreasing,” The National quotes Faris Asfari, an agricultural engineer involved in compiling a detailed report on climate change in Syria, who consults for the UN as saying. “Increasingly the rain is torrential and that actually causes severe damage, especially to soil. It has a severe impact on the sustainability and productivity of the land it adds to desertification problems.”

Similarly, Jordan recently reported to the the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC that its water resources will be depleted by climate change even if the kingdom witnesses an increase in precipitation. The report warned that climate change will severely impact the quantity of monthly surface water runoff. It that if current rainfall levels increased by 20 per cent, it would not compensate for the water lost due to the expected rise in temperatures.

A Syrian government report compiled for last month’s environment summit in Copenhagen concluded that most Syrian cities were suffering from shortage of water as a result of reduced rainfall, severe drought and more frequent dust storms. As a result, some 300,000 people in the eastern region, once a thriving farming area have been forced off their land to mostly become internal refugees in Damascus. The government report warns that such dislocations are prompting a decline in standards of health and education. Residents in the central governorate of Hama say drought has dried up the Al Assi River whose water serviced the Al Qantara Hydrostation. They now depend on local wells available only at depths of 600 meters where it contains contaminants that make it unsafe for drinking.

Syrian officials say the situation is further aggravated by the absence of agreements, primarily with Israel, on how to equitably share inadequate water resources. Israel draws some 15 percent of its water supply from the Golan Heights conquered from Syria in 1967. The Heights run up to the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel’s only freshwater lake, and include significant parts of the Jordan River’s catchment area. Control of water resources, and Israel’s insistence that it retain sovereignty over the Sea of Galilee, have been one of the main stumbling blocks in failed peace talks.

Nonetheless, environmental scientists say the Syrian government bears significant responsibility for water shortages and land degradation, with decades of mismanagement, corruption and inefficiency exacerbating existing problems. Land not fit for cultivation was widely farmed in the 1980s as part of a food security policy and although it was stopped in the 1990s, severe damage was done.
Syria uses 90 percent of its water for mostly inefficient irrigation. “Irrigation systems here are only 38 per cent efficient, which means we throw away 62 per cent of all of our national water supplies before it even reaches the crops,” Yousef Meslmani, the national environmental affairs project director with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Damascus told . The National. “We have irrigation channels built on soluble rock – which is the worst thing you can do – and the engineers told them it was bad idea, but they did it.”

Islamists try to exploit Pakistani Water Woes

Islamic militants in Pakistan’s central Punjab province, responsible for various terrorist attacks in India, blaming the region’s water woes on their larger neighbor to garner support. Pakistan’s Roohi desert, a recruiting ground for militants fighting Indian rule in Kashmir, has seen its irrigation water decrease over the past five years

“There was ample water until 2005 – more than enough to grow our crops. Then, suddenly, the number of days that water was available to each village started to drop off and has now reached the point where it has become a serious concern,” The National quoted Ansar Rasheed Sindhu, a farmer from the village of Chak 205 on the Murad Canal 700km south-east of Islamabad as saying.

The dropping water supply has hit hardest subsistence farmers, who depend on the wheat and sugarcane harvests for much of their food and on the sale of cotton for cash. It is rolling back advances made by better quality seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, the paper quotes Mohammed Anwar, a father of three who lives off 1.2 hectares in Chak 205, as saying.

Farmers warn that the lack of water could mean that fertile land will be reclaimed by the desert. Militant groups like Jaish-i-Mohammed and Lashkar-i-Taiba (LiT) assert that Indian dam projects are to blame for the reduced water supply. . “India wants to destroy Pakistan by cutting off our water. Now it wants to build another dam on the Jhelum river to turn Pakistan into a desert and starve us all to death,” says Jamal Din, a former Taliban fighter in Afghanistan, who heads the local chapter of LiT charity Jama’at-ud-Dawah.

Pakistani government officials concede that the filling of the Baglihar dam has reduced water flows into Pakistan. India contends the dam does not violate its accord with Pakistan in 1962 over the use of water from the Indus River and its tributaries, which flow through both countries from the Himalayas. Under the accord, Pakistan had first right of dam construction on the Chenab, but failed to act within a stipulated time because of political indecision and a lack of funding. Pakistan has asked the World Bank to mediate.

Farmers in the region appear, however, not to be buying into either the government’s or the militants’ argument. “The shortages started before India built the dam, shortly after the last local government elections [in 2005]. After big landlords won and gained control, they started stealing water to fill reservoirs on their farms,” Mr Sindhu told The National . “Corruption within the irrigation department is now the issue that needs to be dealt with, but I can see how the poverty that it has caused could be twisted by the militants to meet their own agenda.”

Libya Set to Benefit from Strained Turkish-Israeli Ties

Libya may benefit from Turkey’s strained ties with Israel over its December 2008 war on Gaza and recent Israeli treatment of the Turkish ambassador. Libya is negotiating with Turkey the import of 100 million cubic meters of water annually. Turkish officials say an agreement with Libya would jeopardize far advanced talks with Israel over the sale of water.

Turkish officials say both Libya and Israel are seeking to buy water from a $150 millon project on the Manavagat River that has yet to come on stream. That project is currently only able to load 100 million cubic meters per year. Adding additional capacity would be costly.

Israel has been negotiating the purchase of 50 million cubic meters of water annually over a period of 20 years. Turkish officials say three Israeli prime ministers have committed Israel to the purchase. They said the Turkish and Israeli governments intend to agree with shipping companies on the transport of the water to Israel.

Despite the commitments, authorities in Israel are divided about the deal. The country’s Water Authority is believed to favor it as a way of diversifying away from desalination. The Foreign Ministry, however, opposes the deal on financial grounds. Imported Turkish water would cost $0.80 per cubic meter compared to $0.50 for desalinated water.

Israeli officials, eager to secure the deal before Libya snatches it away, say the differences are likely to be resolved by splitting the contract into two, one between the two governments and one between Turkey and Israel’s water carrier.

Yemen’s Water Crisis Threatens Unrest and Strengthens Al Qa’ida

As Yemen struggles to defeat Al Qa’ida, end a tribal uprising in the north and prevent the south from seceding, water could turn out to be the lubricant that tips the country over the edge. Without radical reform of agricultural and other policies, the Yemeni capital Sana’a stands in a decade at most to become modern history’s first capital to run out of water, according to a recent projection by the World Bank-funded Sana Water Basin Management Project. Rapidly dwindling water resources are likely to lead to disputes and reignite riots against a government already widely viewed as corrupt, nepotistic and incompetent.

One of the world’s water poorest nations, Yemen is consuming its limited water resources at a far faster rate than it is able to replenish them. At Yemen’s current seven percent population growth rate, consumption can only increase. Yemen’s population is set to almost double from 23 to 40 million over the next two decades. 

Alongside unemployment, water is driving increased internal migration and urbanization.

Some 70 percent of Sana’a’s population either buy their water from private vendors or collect free water from local mosques. Vendors sell a liter of water for $0.15, a steep price in a country where incomes average $2 a day. The vendors draw their water from wells near the capital and deliver it in tanker trucks or jerry cans. With no enforced standard for potable water, quality varies.

Water extraction rates in Sanaa are believed to outstrip replenishment by a factor of four. Sana’a’s water basin is close to collapse. So is the basin in Amran, 50 kilometers north of Sana’a. Of the 180 wells tapped a decade ago by Sana’a’s municipal water company, only 80 remain active. In some districts of the capital, taps have shut down. In others, supply is interrupted at least once a month.

In 2008, the Eurasia Group reported that 19 of Yemen’s 21 aquifers were not being replenished and that in some cases nonrenewable fossil water was being extracted. Wells in several parts of the country have run dry. The falling water table means wells have to be dug deeper at levels of 200 meters and more where the water is contaminated. 

Alongside rising domestic consumption, Yemen’s water crisis is fueled by corruption, poor or no resource management and wasteful irrigation. Agriculture consumes most of Yemen’s water. Qat, whose leaves are consumed as a daily stimulant by the vast majority of Yemeni men, is Yemen’s foremost agricultural product. The more water the plant gets, the more productive is, making water conservation a non-starter.

Yemen’s lack of resource management is evident from the fact that the government created a separate ministry for water and environment only in 2004. Six years later, the country still suffers from lack of effective regulation and oversight, particularly with regard to groundwater. As a result, digging of wells remains uncontrolled and so does extraction of groundwater. Water Minister Abdul Rahman Fadhl Iryani, unable to enforce licensing of new wells, estimates that 99% of water drilling in Yemen is unlicensed. Moreover, Yemen does not regulate the import of drill rigs, which are not subject to custom duties or taxation. Yemen is estimated to have some 800 privately owned drill rigs, a number far higher than most other countries.

Subsidized diesel powers landowners’ water pumps. Yemen has so far resisted donor demands that it abolish diesel subsidies ever since rioters fearing price hikes and higher inflation in 2005 forced the government to drop efforts to do so. Abolishment of subsidies would also cut into profits from diesel smuggling being raked in by the country’s elite.

The water crisis plays into the hands of Al Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP), the AQAP offshoot that claimed responsibility for the failed Christmas day bombing of a USA airliner. To compensate for its lack of control in large parts of the country, the government has delegated responsibility for water to local authorities, establishing water companies primarily in urban areas. It is in those areas like Marib and Shabwa where no such companies were created that AQAP is particularly strong.

Consequences of Inaccessible Water in Haiti

Peter Sawyer of the Pulitzer Center warns failure to prioritize water in Haiti will drive people to water sources they would not have considered before - sources contaminated with human waste, garbage, and industrial byproducts that  rapidly spread disease through communities.


Admittedly, providing Haitians with safe water and sanitation has been problematic long before the earthquake. The World Health Organization reports that only 58% of Haitians had sustainable access to clean water in 2006, barely six percent more people than in 1990. Figures for access to safe sanitation facilities are even worse with only 19% having access in 2006, down ten percent since 1990.

Sanitation and water quality experts are proposing various solutions. Steve Solomon, author of Water: The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power and Civilization, suggests in a New York Times editorial that Haiti focus on local water networkswith flexible piping that can be buried and repaired easily. He also advocates delivering bulk water to distribution points where local leaders handle payments and maintain the system. Peter Gleick, President of the Pacific Institute, has written about the effort to bring emergency water relief to Haiti as noted in this blog. Gleick agrees with Solomon about the need to focus on local systems, and favors small-scale purification systems over bottled water, which is expensive and difficult to ship.

Water Is Key To Demise of Islam's Golden Age and Contemporary Turmoil

In a world dominated by authoritarian states, strife and lack of development, Muslims recall the early days when Muslim forces ruled an empire stretching from Spain to Central Asia and were the world’s leaders in science and the arts and ask themselves what went wrong. The answer, according to a just published book, may be water.

In a sweeping history of water, journalist Steven Solomon, argues that water has stood at the cradle and grave of great empires. Muslim armies harnessed the water management of the camel to turn the desert from an unproductive, isolating stretch of land into a highway of conquest, expansion and cultural exchange. Highly maneuverable dhows allowed them to dominate the Indian Ocean and extend lucrative trade routes from Indonesia’s Spice Islands to the Mediterranean.

Islam’s Golden Age began to crumble when Muslim forces became complacent about the need for continued innovation to improve the efficiency of water use and stay technologically ahead of their inherent scarcity of freshwater resources. Muslim naval forces failed to adapt to Christian gunpowder-based naval power. When nomadic Turks effectively occupied the Abbasid levers of power, they focused on water holes and seasonal grazing lands, allowing canal and irrigation systems to deteriorate.

A thousand years later, the Middle East is again on the front lines of a global freshwater crisis. It is the first region to have virtually run out of water, housing a host of countries with water tensions, conflicts and troubled states. Oil-rich Gulf states are flush with petro dollars invested in mega projects to diversify their economies and plan for a post-oil era, but they are unable or unwilling to ensure success by not committing the same mistakes that led to their ancestors’ decline.

A recent report by Riyadh-based NCB Capital warns that Gulf states have at best 550 cubic meters a year per person in renewable water resources compared to 89,000 cubic meters for every Canadian citizen. Yet, Gulf residents are among the world’s biggest water consumers. The United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) puts consumption in Saudi Arabia and the UAE at close to 1,000 cubic meters a person and approaching US levels of 1,648 meters.

While municipal consumption in the Gulf is the world’s second highest, only outstripped by Canada, agriculture is the real culprit in the Gulf. Efforts starting in the 1970s to achieve self-sufficiency have drained ground water reserves and with agriculture accounting for 80 percent of consumption but only two percent of GDP are now being rolled back. Gulf states have adopted a policy of a kind of agro-imperialism, buying huge tracts of land in impoverished countries in Africa, Asia and Eastern Europe to ensure future food security, but refuse to harness technologies such as hydroponics and drip-fed irrigation that would enable them to develop a smaller, more sustainable agricultural industry. “They don’t seem to want to know,” John Lawton, a Riyadh-based British agricultural consultant, told the Financial Times .

Yet, the history of water as a determinant of power teaches that correcting unsustainable situation is not enough. Boosting water supplies through desalination without seeking to curb demand produces new problems. Upgrading aging infrastructure increases efficiency and reduces water loss estimated in Saudi Arabia at 35 percent by the  World Bank but is only one of many policies Gulf states should be adopting.

To guarantee continued regional and global power, Gulf leaders and governments would have to continuously innovate and take bold and courageous decisions. Unlike 1,000 years ago that would involve largely unpopular regimes forging a different pact with the region’s population, one that is more open, liberal and transparent than the current deal in which authoritarian government is tolerated in exchange for cradle to grave welfare.

Subsidies for water in the Gulf are among the world’s highest, making the region’s water tariffs among the world’s lowest and removing a major incentive for greater water conservation.  The  Financial Times quotes Bahrain Water and Electricity Authority CEO Abdulmajeed Ali Alawadhu as saying that raising tariffs would be the easiest way to curb consumption “but that requires a political will.” In fact, it would be too risky says Jamro Kotilaine, NCB Capital chief economist and author of the water report. “In Bahrain, even the suggestion of raising prices can provoke demonstrations.”

Water, The Epic Struggle for Wealth, Power and Civilization by Steven Solomon, Harper Collins, 2010

GCC Water Resources

Free water-saving devices for UAE homes

Authorities in the United Arab Emirates in cooperation with environmental NGOs have launched a national campaign to reduce water wastage, they estimate to be 250 liters per day per person or almost half of estimated daily consumption. The UAE has one of the world’s highest consumption rates per person with an average of 550 liters per person a day.

To reduce wastage, the government is providing free of charge water saving devices to 55,000 households, 2,750 mosques, 500 schools and 2,000 public or commercial buildings. The Environment Agency of Abu Dhabi will install water saving devices in 60,000 buildings in the emirate. The campaign urges consumers to reduce consumption by avoiding leaving taps running while brushing teeth, shaving or washing dishes, limiting showers to five minutes and using a bucket and sponge to wash cars rather than a hose pipe. The campaign is also designed to reduce the UAE’s dependence on desalination, which provides virtually all of the UAE’s drinking water and accounts for 36 percent of the country’s carbon emissions.

US Funds Pakistani Hydropower

The United States, in a bid to further development and reduce the appeal of Taliban insurgents in Pakistan’s troubled Northwest Frontier, has agreed to contribute $16.5 million to upgrading the 35-year old Tarbela Dam hydroelectric plant. “The energy crisis in Pakistan is an issue that affects everyone,” US Ambassador Richard Holbrooke said at a ceremony marking the signing of the agreement. “Power blackouts cripple commerce and cause suffering in the daily lives of millions of Pakistanis. An efficient system of power generation and distribution is a critical factor in spurring economic development to the benefit of all.” The upgrade to be completed in the next two years is part of a $125 million US funded effort to Pakistan’s energy output and efficiency. The Jamshoro Thermal Power Station in Sindh, the Muzaffargarh power station in Punjab and the Guddu station in the triangle where Sindh, Punjab and Baluchistan meet are also slated for upgrades.

Abu Dhabi 2100: under water?

The National reports that a UAE government commissioned report has warned that the UAE could lose up to six per cent of its populated and developed coastline by the end of the century because of rising sea levels.

The report said a rise of one meter, the best case scenario, was not “unlikely.” It would put 1,155 square kilometers of the country’s coast under water by 2050; nine meters, the worst case, would submerge most of Abu Dhabi and much of Dubai.

A one meter rise would cost Abu Dhabi more than 10sq km of built-up area and more than 100 sq km of urban greening.

The report, Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerability and Adaptation was commissioned by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) and compiled by the Stockholm Environment. It warns that unless future development planning accounted for the changes, there would be unacceptable economic damages for the UAE’s coastal zones.

The International Panel on Climate Change, the world’s most authoritative scientific body on the subject, estimates that sea levels will rise by between 0.37 metres and 0.59m by the turn of the century. The actual fluctuation will depend on a number of variables, including how much global temperatures rise, and how that will affect glaciers and snow cover on polar caps.

Water For Haiti

Pieter Glieck of the Pacifica Institute warns that lack of water constitutes one of, if not, the biggest threat to Haitians in the wake of the earthquake. He suggests on the website of The San Francisco Chronicle:

In any disaster like this, after search, rescue, and immediate medical care, clean and safe water becomes a critical need. Without it, water-related diseases rapidly become a serious health threat for the survivors.

Water Number: 50 liters per person per day. In previous work I've done on basic human needs, I've identified 50 liters per person per day as a minimum for drinking, sanitation, cooking, and cleaning. In a disaster of this magnitude, even a fraction of that amount would be a blessing. Emergency water supplies can be provided in many ways, but there is no consistent approach or technology. Here are some that should be applied quickly:

-- Some space on the first cargo planes should be reserved for small-scale desalination systems and other water purification plants that can be put in place immediately in centralized locations. Systems that fit on pallets, that in turn fit on transport planes, should be available. Water (such as bottled water) itself is very heavy. Best to send the equipment to purify unlimited amounts on the ground. Also send the solar energy systems, diesel generators, and other energy systems needed to operate them 24/7.

-- Big US Navy ships have desalination systems on board. When the US aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson arrives (as news reports suggest it will), the ship's water system -- capable of producing water for thousands of people every day -- should be tied in to some kind of land distribution system so people can come and collect safe water. Other ships with such capability should also be used in this way.

-- It would have been nice to have pre-positioned some large water bags, such as the innovative Spragg Bag, that could be flown to the country, or to neighboring Dominican Republic, filled with freshwater, and towed to Haiti for distribution. Alas, this technology is still searching for angel funders, though similar bags operated commercially for a number of years in the Mediterranean. These kinds of bags could also be used to store water on land as it is produced by water purification plants.

-- Engineers should begin immediately to evaluate and repair the basic water system. In Haiti, this system has always been marginal and limited, but the purification and wastewater systems needs immediate attention.

-- I believe that both Coca-Cola and PepsiCo have relationships with bottlers in Haiti. If so, their teams should work (as no doubt they are) to repair bottling facilities in order to provide purified water to surrounding communities rather than other commercial drinks, during the emergency.

Bottled water should be shipped when space is available. As much as I've been known to criticize the bottled water industry (and I have a new book coming out shortly, called Bottled and Sold: The Story Behind Our Obsession with Bottled Water, from Island Press, more about this a different time), some of the major bottled water companies have consistently been very generous during emergencies in making free water, or plastic bottles, available. The expertise of their water-quality engineers may also be valuable.